The Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE), also known as the Bar Kokhba War, the War of Betar, and the Third (or Second) Jewish–Roman War, was the last and most devastating of three major Jewish rebellions against the Roman Empire. Led by Simon bar Kokhba, the rebels established an independent Jewish state that lasted over three years before being crushed by the Romans, leading to the near-total depopulation of Judea proper, along with mass killings, enslavement, and displacement. Resentment toward Roman rule and national aspirations remained high in the Roman province of Judaea following the First Jewish Revolt.