Mary Henrietta Kingsley (13 October 1862 – 3 June 1900) was an English explorer, travel writer, and ethnographic observer known for her journeys through West Africa and for her influential writings on African societies and colonial policy. Between 1893 and 1895 she travelled widely in regions of present-day Sierra Leone, Angola, Gabon, and Cameroon, often journeying alone in areas rarely visited by Europeans. During these expeditions she collected zoological specimens for the British Museum and documented local religious practices, social customs, and political systems.

Key figuresMary Kingsley